Ap Human Geography Chapter 4 Key Issue 1-4 Reading Quiz
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Academic Reading Test six
Part 1
Why do people collect things?
People from most every civilisation love collecting things. They might collect stamps, books, cards, priceless paintings or worthless ticket stubs to old sports games. Their collection might hang on the walls of a mansion or be stored in a box under the bed. Then what is it that drives people to collect? Psychologist Dr Maria Richter argues that urge to collect is a basic human characteristic. According to her, in the very first years of life we form emotional connections with lifeless objects such as soft toys. And these positive relationships are the starting bespeak for our fascination with collecting objects. In fact, the desire to collect may go back farther still. Scientists propose that for some ancient humans living hundreds of thousands of years ago, collecting may have had a serious purpose. Only by collecting sufficient food supplies to last though freezing winters or dry summers could our ancestors stay alive until the atmospheric condition improved.
Information technology turns out that fifty-fifty collecting for pleasure has a very long history. In 1925, the archaeologist Leonard Woolley was working at a site in the historic Babylonian city of Ur. Woolley had travelled to the region intending but to excavate the site of a palace. Instead, to his astonishment, he dug up artefacts, which appeared to belong to a 2,500- year-old museum. Among the objects was part of a statue and a piece of a local building. And accompanying some of the artefacts were descriptions like modern-twenty-four hour period labels. These texts appeared in three languages and were carved into pieces of clay. It seems probable that this early on private collection of objects was created by Princess Ennigaldi, the girl of Rex Nabonidus. However, very little else is known near Princess Ennigaldi or what her motivations were for setting up her collection.
This may have been 1 of the first big private collections, but information technology was not the last. Indeed, the manner for establishing collections really got started in Europe effectually ii,000 years later with so-chosen 'Cabinets of Curiosities'. These were collections, usually belonging to wealthy families that were displayed in cabinets or small-scale rooms. Cabinets of Curiosities typically included fine paintings and drawings, just equal importance was given to exhibits from the natural world such as animal specimens, shells and plants.
Some meaning individual collections of this sort date from the fifteenth century. 1 of the beginning belonged to the Medici family unit. The Medicis became a powerful political family in Italy and later on a purple house, but banking was originally the source of all their wealth. The family started by collecting coins and valuable gems, then artworks and antiques from around Europe. In 1570 a hole-and-corner 'studio' was congenital inside the Palazzo Medici to house their growing collection. This exhibition room had solid walls without windows to keep the valuable collection safe.
In the seventeenth century, another fabulous collection was created by a Danish md proper noun Ole Worm. His collection room contained numerous skeletons and specimens, too equally aboriginal texts and a laboratory. One of Ole Worm'south motivations was to point out when other researchers had fabricated mistakes, such every bit the fake claim that birds of paradise had no feet. He also endemic a keen auk, species of bird that has now become extinct, and the illustration he produced of it has been of value to later scientists.
The passion for collecting was only every bit strong in the nineteenth century. Lady Charlotte Guest spoke at least six languages and became well-known for translating English books into Welsh. She too travelled widely throughout Europe acquiring old and rare pottery, which she added to her collection at home in southern England. When Lady Charlotte died in 1895 this collection was given to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. At around the aforementioned fourth dimension in the north of England, a wealthy goldsmith named Joseph Mayer was building up an enormous drove of artefacts, particularly those dug upwards from sites in his local area. His legacy, the Mayer Trust, continues to fund public lectures in accordance with his wishes.
In the twentieth century, the writer Beatrix Potter had a magnificent collection of books, insects, plants and other botanical specimens. Most of these were donated to London's Natural History Museum, but Beatrix held on to her cabinets of fossils, which she was especially proud of. In the United Stats, President Franklin D. Roosevelt began his postage stamp collection every bit a child and continued to add together to it all his life. The stress associated with being president was easier to cope with, Roosevelt said, by taking time out to focus on his drove. By the end of his life this had expanded to include model ships, coins and artworks.
Nearly of the states will never own collections so large or valuable equally these. However, the examples given here suggest that collecting is a passion that has been shared by countless people over many centuries.
Role 2
Making Documentary Films
A For much of the twentieth century, documentary films were over shadowed by their more successful Hollywood counterparts. For a number of reasons, documentaries were oft ignored by critics and movie studies courses at universities. Firstly, the very idea of documentary motion-picture show made some people suspicious. Every bit the critic Dr Helmut Fischer put information technology, 'Documentary makers might have ambitions to tell the "truth" and show only "facts" but there is no such affair equally a non-fiction film. That'due south considering, every bit soon every bit you record an incident on camera, you are altering its reality in a fundamental way'. Secondly, even supporters of documentaries could not agree on a precise definition, which did trivial to improve the reputation of the genre. Lastly, at that place were too concerns near the ethics of filming subjects without their consent, which is a necessity in many documentary films.
B None of this prevented documentaries from existence produced, though exactly when the procedure started is open to question. Information technology is often claimed that Nanook of the North was the first documentary. Made past the American filmmaker Robert J. Flaherty in 1922, the film depicts the hard, sometimes heroic lives of native American peoples in the Canadian Arctic. Nanook of the Due north is said to accept set off a trend that continued though the 1920s with the films of Dziga Vertov in the Soviet Wedlock and works past other filmmakers around the world. However, that 1922 starting point has been disputed by supporters of an before date. Among this grouping is film historian Anthony Berwick, who argues that the genre tin be traced back every bit early equally 1895, when similar films started to appear, including newsreels, scientific films and accounts of journeys of exploration.
C In the years post-obit 1922, one particular manner of documentary started to announced. These films adopted a serious tone while depicting the lives of actual people. Cameras were mounted on tripods and subjects rehearsed and repeated activities for the purposes of the film. British filmmaker John Grierson was an important member of this grouping. Grierson'southward career lasted well-nigh 40 years, offset with Drifters (1929) and culminating with I Think, I Remember (1968). Even so, by the 1960s Grierson's manner of movie was beingness rejected by the Directly Movie theatre movement, which wanted to produce more natural and authentic films: cameras were hand-held; no additional lighting or audio was used; and the subjects did not rehearse. According to film writer Paula Tater, the principles and methods of Direct Cinema brought documentaries to the attention of universities and picture historians every bit never before. Documentaries started to be recognized as a distinct genre worthy of serious scholarly analysis.
D Starting in the 1980s, the widespread availability of first video and then digital cameras transformed filmmaking. The flexibility and low cost of these devices meant that anyone could now be a filmmaker. Amateurs working from home could compete with professionals in ways never possible before. The appearance of online film-sharing platforms in the early 2000s only increased the new possibilities for amateur documentaries were being made, possibly the most popular documentary of 2006 was still the professionally made An Inconvenient Truth. New cameras and digital platforms revolutionised the making of films. But every bit critic Maria Fiala has pointed out, ' The arguments sometimes put forward that these innovations immediately transformed what the public expected to come across in a documentary isn't entirely authentic.'
E Nevertheless, a new generation of documentary filmmakers then emerged, and with them came a new philosophy of the genre. These filmmakers moved abroad from highlighting political themes or urgent social issues. Instead the focus moved inward, exploring personal lives, relationships and emotions. It could exist argued that Catfish (2010) was a perfect example of this new trend. The flick chronicles the everyday lives and interactions of the social media generation and was both a commercial and critical success. Filmmaker Josh Camberwell maintains that Catfish embodies a new realization that documentaries are inherently subjective and that this should be celebrated. Says Camberwell, 'Information technology is a requirement for documentary makers to express a particular viewpoint and give personal responses to the material they are recording.'
F The popularity and variety of documentaries today is illustrated by the large number of motion-picture show festivals focusing on the genre around the world. The biggest of all must be Hot Docs Festival in Canada, which over the years has showcased hundreds of documentaries from more than fifty dissimilar countries Even older is the Hamburg International Curt Film Festival. As its name suggests, Hamburg specializes in short films, simply one category takes this to its limits – entries may non exceed three minutes in duration. The Brusk and Sugariness Festival is a slightly smaller event held in Utah, The states. The small size of the festival means that for first timers this is the platonic venue to endeavour to get some recognition for their films. So at that place is the Atlanta Shortsfest, which is a neat result for a broad diverseness of filmmakers. Atlanta welcomes all established types of documentaries and recognises the growing popularity of animations, with a category specifically for films of this blazon. These are just a few of the scores of film festivals on offer, and in that location are more existence established every year. All in all, information technology has never been easier for documentary makers to get their films in front of an audience .
Part 3
Jellyfish: A Remarkable Marine Life Course
When viewed in the wild, jellyfish are peradventure the about graceful and vividly coloured of all sea creatures. Just few people have seen a jellyfish living in its natural habitat. Instead, they might see a expressionless and shapeless specimen lying on the beach, or possibly receive a painful sting while swimming, so information technology is inevitable that jellyfish are often considered ugly and maybe unsafe. This misunderstanding can be partly traced back to the 20th century, when the utilize of massive nets and mechanical winches frequently damaged the frail jellyfish that scientists managed to recover. Every bit a result, disappointingly lilliputian research was carried out into jellyfish, every bit marine biologists took the like shooting fish in a barrel choice and focused on physically stronger species such equally fish, crabs and shrimp. Fortunately, nevertheless, new techniques are now beingness adult. For case, scientists have discovered that sound bounces harmlessly off jellyfish, then in the Arctic and Kingdom of norway researchers are using sonar to monitor jellyfish beneath the ocean'south surface. This, together with airplane surveys, satellite imagery and underwater cameras, has provided a wealth of new information in recent years.
Scientists know believe that in shallow water alone there are at to the lowest degree 38 one thousand thousand tonnes of jellyfish and these creatures inhabit every type of marine habitat, including deep h2o. Furthermore, jellyfish were once regarded as relatively alone, only this is another area where science has evolved. Dr Karen Hansen was the first to suggest that jellyfish are in fact the centre of entire ecosystems, as shrimp, lobster, and fish shelter and feed among their tentacles. This suggestion has subsequently been conclusively proven past independent studies. DNA sequencing and isotope analysis have provided farther insights, including the identification of numerous additional species of jellyfish unknown to science simply a few years ago.
This brings us to the issue of climatic change. Research studies effectually the world have recorded a massive growth in jellyfish populations in recent years and some scientists take linked this to climate modify. Even so, while this may be credible, it cannot exist established with certainty as other factors might be involved. Related to this was the longstanding bookish belief that jellyfish had no predators and therefore there was no natural process to limit their numbers. Even so, observations made by Paul Dewar and his team showed that this was incorrect. As a result, the scientific community now recognises that species including sharks, tuna, swordfish and some salmon all prey on jellyfish.
It is still widely causeless that jellyfish are amongst the simplest lifeforms, as they no brain or primal nervous organization. While this is true, nosotros at present know they possess senses that permit them to encounter, feel and collaborate with their surroundings on subtle ways. What is more, analysis of so-called 'upside-down jellyfish' shows that they shut down their bodies and residue in much the aforementioned way that humans do at nighttime, something once widely believed to exist impossible for jellyfish. Furthermore, far from 'floating' in the water as they are still sometimes idea to do, analysis has shown jellyfish to exist the most economical swimmers in the animal kingdom. In short, scientific progress in recent years has shown that many of our established beliefs nearly jellyfish were inaccurate. Jellyfish, though, are not harmless. Their sting can cause a serious allergic reaction in some people and big outbreaks of them – known every bit 'blooms' – can damage tourist businesses, suspension fishing nets, overwhelm fish farms and cake industrial cooling pipes. On the other hand, jellyfish are a source of medical collagen used in surgery and wound dressings. In addition, a particular poly peptide taken from jellyfish has been used in over 30,000 scientific studies of serious diseases such as Alzheimer's. Thus, our human relationship with jellyfish is complex as at that place are a range of conflicting factors to consider.
Jellyfish have existed more or less unchanged for at least 500 1000000 years. Scientists recognise that over the planet's history there accept been three major extinction events connected with irresolute ecology weather condition. Together, these destroyed 99% of all life, only jellyfish lived through all 3. Research in the Mediterranean Sea has now shown, remarkably, that in old age and on the signal of death, certain jellyfish are able to revert to an earlier physical state, leading to the assertion that they are immortal. While this may not technically be truthful, it is certainly an extraordinary discovery. What is more, the oceans today contain 30% more than poisonous acid than they did 100 years agone, causing issues for numerous species, but not jellyfish, which may even thrive in more acidic waters. Jellyfish throughout their long history have shown themselves to be remarkably resilient.
Studies of jellyfish in course know as scyphozoa have shown a life wheel of 3 singled-out phases. Start, thousands of babies known as planulae are released. Them, after a few days the planulae develop into polyps – stationary lifeforms that feed off floating particles. Finally, these are transformed into something that looks like a stack of pancakes, each of which is a tiny jellyfish. It is now understood that all species of jellyfish go through similarly singled-out stages of life. This is further testify of just how sophisticated and unusual these lifeforms are.
Answers
(Q.one to Q.10)
1. True
2. Truthful
3. False
4. True
five. Not Given
6. False
7. cyberbanking
8. chemical limerick
9. windows
ten. analogy
(Q.11 to Q.20)
11. lectures
12. fossils
13. stress
14. four
15. 7
16. i
17. viii
18. v
xix. 3
20. D
(Q.21 to Q.thirty)
21. C
22. A
23. E
24. 3 minutes / 3 minutes
25. first timers / 1st timers
26. animations
27. No
28. Yes
29. Non Given
30. No
(Q.31 to Q.40)
31. Not Given
32. Aye
33. B
34. A
35. C
36. B
37. C
38. Eastward
39. A
40. D
Source: https://www.ieltstester.com/academic-reading-test-6/
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I am going to bring together duscussion
Very very poor, nigh of the answers do not match to this. Totally time waste material ieltstester.com
Faria Waseem
8 months ago
question eight and 9 doesn't seems to exist right ,Instead of illustration it should be POTTERY, and despite of chemical limerick their should exist Windows.
#10. Lady Charlotte Invitee created a drove ILLUSTRATION…… IN THE PARAGRAPH THEY DIDNT MENTION ANYTHING ABOUT ILLUSTRATIONS? TELL ME IN THAT PARAGRAPH WHERE THEY Place ILLUSTRATIONS. I Simply READ AND SAW POTTERY.
The question in #eight doesn't seem to fit the correct answer.
At the Palazzio Medici in that location was a hidden 'studio' which had no: chemical composition
THAT DIDNT MAKE ANY SENSE
# nine answer also didnt brand any FVCKING sense.
33/forty, it was a nifty test, thnx